Although older age is probably the biggest risk factor for age-related macular degeneration (AMD), research shows that genetics also plays a role in your risk of developing this eye condition.
Scientists have identified over 30 genetic variants that increase your chances of developing AMD. Of these variants, two types stand out as being closely connected to the development of AMD and its progression:
- The complement cascade group of genes on chromosome 1. These genes are an essential part of the body’s immune system. They protect against invading pathogens but may also incorrectly target healthy cells, such as cells in the retina.
- The ARMS2/HTRA genes on chromosome 10. Although there is a strong connection between these genes and the risk of developing AMD, their role in this risk is still unknown.
These genetic variants can be used to develop genetic tests that predict the risk of developing AMD.
However, the American Academy of Ophthalmology does not recommend genetic testing for AMD. This is primarily because, even if genetic testing shows that you have these variants, gene therapy is not available for the prevention or management of AMD.
Genetic testing may become helpful in the future as new treatments based on the individual genotypes connected to AMD are developed.
Early identification, treatment, and regular monitoring of AMD are the best ways to manage this eye disease and prevent its progression. Other recommendations include:
- quit smoking (if you smoke)
- adopt a healthy lifestyle that includes a balanced diet and regular exercise
- maintain healthy cholesterol levels
- make sure you are getting the following vitamins and minerals (
research shows these may slow the progression of AMD):- vitamin C and E
- beta-carotene
- zinc
- copper
If your AMD progresses to later stages and you start to experience further vision loss, talk with your doctor about additional treatments, such as eye injections and laser therapy.